Controlled synthesis of BiVO4 photocatalysts: Evidence of the role of heterojunctions in their catalytic performance driven by visible-light

Abstract: Despite heterostructured semiconductors gaining attention as photocatalysts due to their improved activity compared to that of the isolated materials, the role of these heterojunctions in charge separation (electron/hole) remains unclear. Therefore, we studied these aspects in monoclinic/tetragonal BiVO4 (m-BiVO4/t-BiVO4) heterostructures, which was chosen as an active material model under visible irradiation. The synthetic route was based on vanadium peroxo complex preparation as an intermediate step in structure formation using a hydrothermal process. When V2O5 was used at a molar ratio of 5:1 H2O2:(Bi+V) with 24h of annealing, the m-BiVO4/t-BiVO4 heterostructure was obtained, and this material exhibited better photocatalytic performance in methylene blue degradation under visible irradiation than isolated phases. The HRTEM images revealed that heterostructured sample was composed of nanoparticles of m-BiVO4 and t-BiVO4 with size lower than 10 nm, the interface of m-BiVO4/t-BiVO4 was also evidenced. Surprisingly, despite the t-BiVO4 structure being less active than m-BiVO4, the heterostructures with a higher t-BiVO4 content were more photoactive. The m-BiVO4/t-BiVO4 heterostructure showed no significant deactivation even after four successive re-uses for MB photodegradation. Oxidation mechanism of the MB dye was elucidated by mass spectroscopy. Indeed, the species scavenger trapping experimental results reveal the formation of a type-II heterostructure that led to an increase in the charge carrier lifetime, where the holes (h(+)), superoxide anion radicals (O-2(-center dot)) and hydroxyl radicals ((OH)-O-center dot) are the main active species.

Author(s): Lopes, OF; Carvalho, KTG; Nogueira, AE; Avansi, W; Ribeiro, C.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.01.065